Writing a literature review in the pre or postal service-qualification, volition exist required to undertake a literature review, either equally part of a class of written report, as a key pace in the research procedure. A literature review can be merely a simple summary of the sources, but it ordinarily has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. It demands a range of skills, such as learning how to define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval, developing the ability to analyze and synthesize data as well as becoming adept at writing and reporting, often within a express time scale. The aim of this article is to present a step-by-step arroyo to writing a literature review enquiry paper to facilitate student and novice reviewers' understanding. A literature review discusses published information in a item subject area area, and sometimes data in a particular bailiwick area within a certain time period. A literature review of a mature topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and more diversified cognition base of the topic every bit it continues to develop. The second kind of literature review addresses new or emerging topics that would benefit from a holistic conceptualization and synthesis of the literature. Because these topics are relatively new and accept not yet undergone a comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to atomic number 82 to an initial or preliminary conceptualization of the topic like a new model or framework. The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for developing policies and prove-based care, a pace in the research procedure and as part of an academic assessment. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literature review the task appears daunting. Frequently-asked questions range from where to commencement, how to select a subject, and how

Criteria used to systematic review
. A synthesis matrix organized by the key studies

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47

Writing a Literature Review Research Paper:

A step- by- step approach

Abdullah Ramdhanione, Muhammad Ali Ramdhani 2, Abdusy Syakur Amin 3

1 Department of Public Administration, Garut Academy

Jl. Cimanuk No. 285A, Garut-INDONESIA

aramdhani@fisip.uniga.ac.id.

ii Kinesthesia of Scientific discipline and Technology

Country Islamic Academy of Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung

Jl. A. H. Nasution No. 105, Bandung- INDONESIA

m_ali_ramdhani@uinsgd.ac.id

3 Department of Industrial Engineering science and Management, Pasundan Academy

Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No. 193, Bandung-INDONESIA

syakuramin@gmail.com

Abstruse – Due westriting a literature review in the pre or post-qualification, will beastward

required to undertake a literature review, either every bit part of a grade of study, as a

fundamental step in the research process. A literature review tin can be just a simple summary

of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both

summary and synthesis. Information technology demands a range of skills, such as learning how to

ascertain topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval,

developing the ability to clarify and synthesize data too equally becoming skilful at

writing and reporting, ofttimes inside a express fourth dimension calibration. The aim of this commodity is to

present a step- by- step approach to writing a literature review research paper to

facilitate educatee and novice reviewers' understanding.

Key Words – Literature review; Literature searching; Writing a review.

1 Introduction

A literature review discusses published information in a item bailiwick expanse, and sometimes

data in a particular subject area within a certain fourth dimension menses. A literature review of a mature

topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and

more diversified knowledge base of the topic as it continues to develop. The second kind of literature

review addresses new or emerging topics that would benefit from a holistic conceptualization and

synthesis of the literature. Considering these topics are relatively new and accept not yet undergone a

comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to lead to an initial or preliminary

conceptualization of the topic like a new model or framework.

The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting data for

developing policies and evidence-based care, a stride in the inquiry process and as role of an academic

assessment. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literature review the task appears

daunting. Oftentimes-asked questions range from where to start, how to select a subject, and how

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many manufactures to include, to what is involved in a review of the literature (Cronin, et. al., 2008). A

literature review can be merely a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational

pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the of import

information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It

might requite a new interpretation of onetime material or combine new with quondam interpretations. Or it might

trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation,

the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant

(writingcenter.unc.edu).

2 What is a Literature Review

A literature review is a surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a detail

issue, area of research, or theory, and by then doing, providing a clarification, summary, and critical

evaluation of these works. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you lot accept

explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits

into the larger field of study (libguides.usc.edu, n.d.). A literature review is a description of thursdayeast

literature relevant to a particular field or topic. It gives an overview of what has existen said, who the key

writers are, what are the prevailing theories and hypotheses, what questions are being asked, and what

methods and methodologies are advisable and useful. As such, it is not in itself primary research, but

rather it reports on other findings (Emerald Group Publishing, n.d.).

The primary reports used in the literature may be exact, but inorthward the vast bulk of cases reports are

written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical analytic, or

methodological in nature. 2d a literature review seeks to describe, summarise, evaluate, analyze

and/ or integrate the content of primary reports (Cooper, 1988).

A literature review is an objective, thorough summary and critical assay of the relevant bachelor

research and not-research literature on the topic being studied (Hart, 1998; Cronin, et al., 2008). Its

goal is to bring the reader up- to -appointment with electric current literature on a topic and form the basis for another

goal, such as the justification for futurity research in the expanse. A good literature review gathers

information about a item subject area from many sources. It is well written and contains few if whatever

personal biases. It should contain a clear search and selection strategy (Carnwell and Daly, 2001;

Cronin, et al., 2008). Proficient structuring is essential to enhance the period and readability of the review

(Colling, 2003).

Literature review is different from an bookish research paper. The principal focus of an academic

research paper is to develop a new argument, and a enquiry paper will contain a literature review as

one of its parts. In a research newspaper, yous use the literature equally a foundation and as support for a new

insight that you contribute. The focus of a literature review, however, is to summarize and synthesize

the arguments and ideas of others without adding new contributions.

The vast majority of literature reviews serve as a section of a primary research article that provides the

theoretical foundation for the main study that is the subject of the articleast. In that chapters, Fink (2005)

describes multiple purposes for literature reviews. A literature review anchors the rest of a scholarly

article. Information technology describes the content and quality of knowledge already available, and readily presents the

reader the significance of previous work (Okoli & Schabram, 2010). Equally an bookish piece, the review

cannot simply regurgitate the subject area matter, but rather must contribute to the work in its dual

approach of synthesizing the available cloth and offering a scholarly critique of theory (Okoli &

Schabram, 2010).

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3 Systematic Literature Review

The purpose of a systematic literature review is to provide as complete a list equally possible of all the

published and unpublished studies relating to a detail subject surface area. It is different with traditional

reviews that effort to summarize results of a number of studies, systematic reviews use explicit and

rigorous criteria to place, critically evaluate and synthesize all the literature on a particular topic

(Cronin, et al, 2008). Master purpose of this commodity is to provide the reader with a comprehensive

groundwork for agreement electric current knowledge and highlighting the significance of new inquiry. Information technology

can inspire inquiry ideas past identifying gaps or inconsistencies in a trunk of cognition, thus helping

the researcher to decide or define research questions or hypotheses.

Beecroft et. al. (2006) contend that a sufficiently focused research question is essential before

undertaking a literature review. Equally, notwithstanding, it can aid refine or focus a broad research question

and is united states of americaeful for both topic selection and topic refinement. It tin also exist helpful in developing

conceptual or theoretical frameworks (Coughlan, et al, 2007; Cronnin, et al, 2008).

Parahoo (2006) suggests that a systematic review should detail the time frame within which the

literature was selected, every bit well as the methods used to evaluate and synthesize findings of the studies

in question. In social club for the reader to assess the reliability and validity of the review (see figure 1), the

reviewer needs to present the precise criteria used to: (a) Formulate the research question; (b) Fix

inclusion or exclusion criteria; (c) Select and admission the literature; (d) Asses the quality of the literature

include in the review; (eastward) Analyse, synthesize and disseminate the findings.

Fig.one: Criteria used to systematic review

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4 Steps in the Literature Review Process

Given the item processes involved in systematic reviews, meta-analysis and meta-synthesis, the

focus of the residue of this article is on the steps involved in undertaking a traditional or narrative

review of the literature. Cronin et. al. (2008) argue that the showtime step involves identifying the subject of

the literature review. The researcher undertaking a quantitative study may accept decided this already.

Nonetheless, for the individual undertaking a non -inquiry based literature review this will exist the first

step.

4.1 Choosing a review topic

The outset task to tackle, frequently the most difficult, in writing a review of literature is choosing a topic

(Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin, et al, 2008). Oft the chore is especially difficult because of a

lack of noesis in the content area. Below are some hints for facilitating your selection of a topic.

First, skim through your textbook and identify broad topics in the bailiwick that interest yous. Second,

read the capacity associated with the topics yous pick to develop familiarity with the vocabulary (fundamental

words), principal investigators, and issues or controversies in the area. Third, talking to others, such equally

skillful, or reading around a topic tin can also aid to identify what areas of the bailiwick the reviewer is

interested in and may help betoken how much information exists on the topic (Timmins and McCabe,

2005). The next step, after choosing a topic, is to go to the library and search for journal manufactures

published idue north the area. Use cardinal words to find article titles for specific topics; sometimes abstracts are

provided for the reader'due south reference. Abstracts can be useful, time saving devices considering they help in

weeding expert, associated literature from unrelated, peripheral articles.

Cronin (2008) explained that having sufficient literature is also of import, particularly when the

review is an academic consignment. These academic exercises usually have short deadlines, and so having

enough literature is primal from the perspective of being able to practice the review and submit it on time.

Literature reviews that are part of bookish coursework usually take strictly enforced word limits and

it is important to adhere to that limit. Summitics that are too broad volition result in reviews that are either likewise

long or too superficial. Equally a dominion of thumb, it is meliorate to starting time with a narrow and focused topic, and if

necessary broaden the scope of the review as you progress. Information technology is much more difficult to cut content

successfully, particularly if time is short.

4.2 Searching and selecting appropriate manufactures

The next step subsequently selected a topic is to place, in a structured way, the appropriate and related

information. A systematic approach is considered most likely to generate a review that will exist

beneficial in informing practice (Hek and Langton, 2000; Cronin et al, 2008). Newell and Burnard

(2006) propose that comprehensiveness and relevance are what reviewers need to consider and add that

the more specific the topic or question being searched is, the more than focused the result will be (Cronin et

al, 2008).

The type of articles that are selected for a skillful review of literature are theoretical presentations,

review articles, and empirical research articles. Choosing the work of a unmarried researcher may exist one

method for starting a literature review. Your presentation will exist more powerful if conflicting

theoretical positions and findings are presented along with the position or prediction that you support

in your paper. You should choose several researchers' works that have added to the noesis base of operations in

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a specific area. Strive to eliminate (or explain abroad) articles that have faulty methods or that employ faulty

reasoning to support their findings.

Nowadays, literature searches are undertaken most commonly using computers and electronic

databases. Figurer databases offering access to vast quantities of information, which can be retrieved

more easily and chop-chop than using a manual search (Younger, 2004). There are numerous electronic

databases, many of which deal with specific fields of data. It is of import therefore to place

which databases are relevant to the topic (Cronin et al, 2008). Existing literature reviews and

systematic reviews can also be important sources of data. They tin can offer a good overview of the

research that has been undertaken, so that the relevance to the nowadays work can exist determined (Cronin

et al, 2008).

Cronin et. al. (2008) debate when undertaking a literature search an important question in determining

whether a publication should exist included in your review is defining the type of source. The 4 chief

types of sources are outlined in Table ane. In conducting the literature search it is important to keep a

record of the keywords and methods used in searching the literature as these will need to be identified

later when describing how the search was conducted (Timmins and McCabe, 2005).

Table i. Defining the types of sources for a review

Usually a report by the original researchers of a written report

Description or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher, due east.thou. a review article

Papers concerned with description or analysis of theories or

concepts associated with the topic

Views or opinions about the discipline that are non enquiry, review or

theoretical in nature

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

Information technology is always more desirable to use principal sources whenever possible. Primary sources in science are

usually in the form of articles published in reputable journals. Generally, journals are regarded as

existence more up- to- engagement than books as sources of information (Cronin, et al, 2008). Secondary sources

include textbooks and review manufactures or Clarification or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher. Like your literature review, secondary sources exercise not contain new information. A look at

secondary sources is often a good movement when starting a literature review, but y'all never rely solely on

secondary sources and always review the primary sources as a check against possible errors.

4.3 Analysing and synthesizing the literature

Subsequently you take collected the articles y'all intend to use in your literature review, you are ready to

analyze each one (intermission it downward and place the important information in it) and then synthesize the

collection of articles (integrate them and identify the conclusions that can exist drawn from the manufactures as

a grouping).

Initially, it is advisable to undertake a first read of the manufactures that take been collected to get a sense of

what they are about. About published articles contain a summary or abstract at the beginning of the

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paper, which volition assist with this procedure and enable the decision equally to whether information technology is worthy of further

reading or inclusion. At this signal, information technology may also be of benefit to undertake an initial classification and

grouping of the articles by blazon of source (Cronin, et al, 2008).

There are a number of tools that can aid us analyze and synthesize our key sources. Table 2 show

about using a synthesis matrix to organize the sources in your literature review and integrate them into

a unique estimation that not only serves as the foundation of your study but too contributes to the

dialogue in your field and establishes your credibility every bit a scholar. At that place are limitless ways of

structuring a matrix (Sally, 2013).

For example is a synthesis matrix organized by the key studies on your specific topic. Identify half-dozen to

twelve studies that are closely related to the focus of your study and that you will use as the foundation

for your proposed research. In the start cavalcade along the vertical axis of the table, list the author and

date of publication for each study (Sally, 2013). So create columns to identify the purpose or

research questions the authors posed, the method used in the study, characteristics of the sample, the

major findings of the written report, the main ideas or themes distilled from the findings, how the findings

ostend those of other studies (similarities), and how the findings differ from other studies or offering

data not establish in other sources.

Table 2. A synthesis matrix organized by the chiliadey studies

Sources, (Sally, 2013).

Some other tools for clarify and synthesize is undertake an initial formification and grouping of the

manufactures by type of source. Once the initial overview has been completed it is necessary to return to the

articles to undertake a more than systematic and critical review of the content. It is recommended that some

blazon of structure is adopted during this process such every bit that proposed by Cohen (1990). This simple

method is referred to equally the Preview, Question, Read, Summarize (PQRS) system and it not only keeps

yous focussed and consistent but ultimately facilitates easy identification and retrieval of material

particularly if a big number of publications are being reviewed (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Following the preview stage, a reviewer may end upwards with 4 stacks of manufactures that are deemed

relevant to the purpose of the review (Cronin, et al, 2008). In the question stage, questions are asked

of each publication. Here several writers accept suggested using an indexing or summary system (or a

combination of both) to assist the process (Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin et al, 2008).

Although there are slight variations in the criteria proposed in the indexing and summary systems,

generally they are concerned with the title of the article, the author, the purpose and the method

applied in a inquiry written report, and findings and outcomes. It is also useful to incorporate comments or

key thoughts on your response to the article after it has been reviewed. For the purpose of good tape

keeping, it is suggested that the source and full reference are also included. It can exist very frustrating

trying to locate a reference or a key bespeak amid a plethora of articles at a later stage (Cronin, et al,

2008).

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As information technology is likely that non all of the manufactures will exist primary sources, you may wish to adapt your summary

system to accommodate other sources, such equally systematic reviews or non-research literature. Possible

headings, adapted from appraisal tools for various types of literature are outlined in Table 3. Although

it may be laborious at times, each article should be read while trying to answer the questions . Information technology is

worth noting, even so, that if any aspect of the appraisement is not clear, it may be beneficial to admission

more than detailed tools or checklists that facilitate further assay or critique (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Table 3. Summary of information required in review

Secondary sources

-review

Journal (full reference):

Journal (total reference):

Journal (total reference):

Review questions/ purpose:

Cardinal thoughts/ comments, due east.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Key thoughts/ comments, e.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Fundamental thoughts/ comments, eastward.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

The terminal stage of appraisement is to write a short summary of each article and may include key thoughts,

comments, strengths and weaknesses of the publication. It should be written in your own words to

facilitate your understanding of the material. Information technology besides forms a adept basis for the writing of the review

(Cronin, et al, 2008).

4.4 Organization of writing the review

The principal aim in structuring your review of the literature is to lead your reader to understand the need

to conduct precisely the form of literature review or research paper that yous propose or have done. The

primal to a practiced literature review or research paper is the ability to nowadays the findings in such a mode that

it demonstrates your knowledge in a articulate and consistent mode (Cronin, et al, 2008).

The introduction and conclusion to your review of the literature should show how your research

project volition join the on-going conversation: identify the fundamental terms and concepts and betoken how your

research will resolve unresolved questions in others' work. You tin can also outline the construction of the

review itself — by preview in the introduction, or review in the decision — and you can and then

foreshadow the direction of the next section/ chapter.

iv.4.1 Introduction

Cronin, et al (2008) argue that the introduction should include the purpose of the review and a brief

overview of the 'trouble'. It idue south of import that the literature sources and the key search terms are

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outlined. The introduction will not simply nowadays the main topic, but will too make a argument about

the condition of knowledge in this area of research.

Some areas of business in preparing the introduction is (a) Define or identify the general topic or surface area

of concern to provide a context for reviewing the literature; (b) Signal out overall trends, conflicts in

theory, methodology, bear witness and conclusions, or gaps in resecurvation and scholarship, to place a

particular trouble; (c) Institute your purpose for reviewing the literature or point of view; explain the

criteria used to select and evaluate the literature; explicate what it included or excluded (telescopic); and

forecast the system or sequence of the review.

4.4.2 Main body

The chief body of the report presents and discusses the findings from the literature. There are several

ways in which this tin can exist done (Cronin et al, 2008; Carnwell & Daly, 2001). Regardless of the manner

in which the principal body of the review is framed, in that location are key points that must exist considered. First,

Group research studies and other literature co-ordinate to common denominators such as qualitative or

quantitative approaches, purposes, theories, methodologies, or conclusions. Second, summarize

private studies in detail appropriate to its comparative importance in the literature and to its

relevance for your research. Third, Usdue east figures and/ or tables to present your own synthesis of the

original data or to show key information taken directly from the original papers.

In order for your reader to move through your information with ease while keeping the big moving picture in

view, order your body paragraphs in the same fashion that yous did in the statement about how your

literature review will proceed. Guild the abstractions (master ideas) from full general to specific, deciding

which sources accept contributions to make to which concepts. You will then present more specific

data from the sources, using in-text commendation, to hash out the abstractions in more detail and to

point out areas of agreement or fence among sources. Your trunk paragraphs should work to not merely

summarize what sources take said, but to demonstrate relationships between them.

4.iv.iii Conclusion

The determination should provide a summary of findings from the literature review. Explain what your

analysis of the material leads you to conclude about the overall state of the literature, what it provides

and where it is lacking. Cronin et al (2008) mention that the review should conclude with a concise

summary of the findings that describes current noesis and offering a rationale for conducting future

research. In a review, which forms part of a written report, any gaps in knowledge that have been identified

should atomic number 82 logically to the purpose of the proposed study. In some cases, it may likewise be possible to

use the developed themes to construct a conceptual framework that will inform the report. In all

reviews, some recommendations or implications for practice, education and research should be

included.

4.iv.iv References

The literature review should conclude with a full bibliographical listing of all the books, journal manufactures,

reports and other media, which were referred to in the piece of work. Regardless of whether the review is part

of a course of written report or for publication, it is an essential part of the process that all sourced material is

best-selling. This means that every citation in the text must appear in the reference. Omissions or

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errors in referencing are very common and students often lose vital marks in assignment considering of it.

A useful strategy is to create a carve up file for references and each time a publication is cited, it can exist

added to this list immediately (Cronin et al, 2008).

5 Decision

This article has presented a detailed guide to developing a systematic literature review This guide

presents a step-by - stride approach to carrying out the rigorous, scientific methodology of a systematic

literature review. While written mostly enough to be applicable to a wide range of fields,

esspecially specific to social sciences and management.

Whether the approach is qualitative or quantitative will often dictate when and how it is carried out.

Various types of literature reviews may be used depending on the reasons for conveying out the review

and the overall aims and objectives of the research. Writing a review of the literature is a skill that

needs to be learned. By conducting them, student or researchers can exist involved in increasing the

noesis through evidence-based practice.

References

Bocken, Northward. M. P., Short, Southward. W., Rana, P., & Evans, Due south. (2014). A Literature and Practice Review to

Develop Sustainable Business organization Model Archetypes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65: 42-56.

Carnwell, R., & Daly, W. (2001) Strategies for the Construction of a Critical Review of the Literature.

Nurse Educ Pract one: 57-63

Colling, J (2003). Demystifying The Clinical Nursing Research Process: The Literature Review. Urol

Nurs 23 (4): 297–9.

Cooper, H. M. (1988). The Construction of Knowledge Synthesis. Knowledge in Gild, 1: 104- 126.

Cronin, P., Ryan, F., & Coughlan, Thou. (2008). Undertaking a literature review: a step-past - stride

approach. British Journal of Nursing, 17(i): 38 -43.

Emerald Grouping Publishing (northward.d.) How to Write a Literature Review. Retrived from

http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/authors/guides/write/literature.htm.

Galvan, J. L. (2006). Writing literature reviews. Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.

Hall, T., Beecham, South., Bowes, D., Gray, D., & Counsell, Southward. (n.d.). A Systematic Literature Review on

Fault Prediction Performance in Software Engineering.

Hart, C. (1998). Doing a Literature Review. London: Sage Publications.

Lawrence, C. Northward. (2011). Writing a Literature Review in the Social Sciences. Retrived from

world wide web.academic.edu.

Okoli, C., & Schabram, Yard. (2010). A Guide to Conducting a Systematic Literature Review of

Information Systems Research. Sprouts: Due westorking Papers on Information Southwardystems, 10(26).

Sally. (2013). A Synthesis Matrix every bit a Tool for Analyzing and Synthesizing Prior Research. Retrived

from http:// world wide web.academiccoachingandwriting.org/dissertation-doc/dissertation-doctor- blog

iii- a -synthesis-matrix- as- a-tool -for-analyzing-and-synthesizing-prior-research.

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San Jose Land University (n.d.) Guidelines for Writing a Review of Literature Retrieved from

http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/christen/review_guidelines.html\.

The University of N Carolina at Chapel Hill (n.d.) The Writing Center, Literature Review.

Retrieved from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/files/2012/09/Literature-Reviews-The- Writing-

Center.pdf.

Timmins, F., & McCabe, C. (2005). How to carry an effective literature review. Nurs Stand, twenty

(11): 41–7.

USC Libraries. (n.d.) Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper. Retrieved from

http://libguides.usc.edu/writringguide/literaturereview.

Younger, P. (2004). Using the internet to conduct a literature search. Nurs Stand 19 (6): 45-51

... Para Ramdhani et al. (2014, citado por Rodríguez, 2020, los gestores bibliográficos permiten la revisión de fuentes fiables y de interés que ayudan a dilucidar "el panorama de investigación mediante una visión general de fuentes exploradas, lo cual afianza el trabajo científico o académico eastward indica a los lectores como el proyecto de investigación se ajusta a un campo general de estudio más amplio". En consecuencia, se puede decir que en cierta medida existe una acción recíproca entre el investigador y la fuente bibliográfica y que puede terminar en un intercambio de papeles; es decir, que no siempre el histrion desde su accionar cuestiona el contenido, sino que el contenido puede cuestionar la perspectiva de pensamiento del investigador en cualquier escenario social, tecnológico o educativo. ...

Este es united nations estudio de caso con enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y nivel descriptivo, sobre cómo los estudiantes perciben el uso del gestor bibliográfico colaborativo digital. El estudio ayuda a reconocer la relevancia de utilizar dicho gestor para cualificar la investigación y la producción académica, desde proyectos que desarrollan estudiantes de la maestría en Tecnologías Digitales Aplicadas a la Educación. Participaron 103 estudiantes de los módulos: Caracterización de la investigación aplicada y Propuesta de investigación aplicada. Los resultados dejan ver que los tesistas valoran positivamente el gestor como dispositivo tecnológico clave para la gestión de la información y del conocimiento; a su vez, permiten inferir que esta herramienta informática en mención facilita la búsqueda, clasificación y análisis de registros bibliográficos, traduciéndose en adecuadas toma de decisiones y mejora en el desempeño tanto académico como de investigación.

... Research method is done through literature review. Ramdhani et al. defined literature review equally an human action to talk over existing literature works in which the literature works discusses a certain subject also it may discuss it in a certain time (Ramdhani et al., 2014). Therefore this research article volition respond the issue presented in the previous department through literature reviews. ...

  • Axel Victor Christian

States takes measure during Covid-19 Pandemic. Those measures are not unified under the aforementioned standard thus limiting mobility. With the vaccine and then available the measures and standards states accept becomes more than complicated and not unified. At that place needs to be a unified measure which is a unified social control through international law past analysing whether social control is permissible under international law. A unified social control for measures that upshot the mobility will unify standards. Information technology is permissible because u.s. behaviour nether the current Covid-xix Pandemic. Unified control through international should be washed in a treaty or convention. Diplomacy for the success of the treaty then should be done through track two model of diplomacy which will provide freedom to the states in raising their wills and business organization on the respective treaty.

... Desain penelitian dengan literature review dimana peneliti harus melakukan pencarian literature secara mendalam, detail, dan teliti. Tujuan literature review memberikan gambaran mengenai penelitian sebelumnya untuk di kolaborasikan dengan gambaran peneliti atau pengarang saat ini sebagai pandangan baru dalam sebuah penelitian (Ramdhani, Ramdhani and Amin, 2014 seharihari pasien seperti akses pasien untuk ke pelayanan terdekat atau ke rumah sakit, memfasilitasi apabila pasien sedang mengalami kekambuhan seperti pasien mengalami amuk keluarga dapat memberikan bantal agar pasien dapat melampiaskan amarahnya tanpa melukai dirinya sendiri, memfasilitasi alat makan dan mandi pasien dimana alat yang digunakan tidak membahayakan pasien, serta memfasilitasi Ketika pasien ingin istirahat seperti ventilasi kamar pasien yang sejuk dan nyaman, tidak terdapat gorden, dsb. g. ...

  • Firda Nur Rahma Santi
  • Heryanto Adi Nugroho
  • Edy Soesanto Edy Soesanto
  • Eni Hidayati

Halusinasi merupakan persepsi dimana individu tidak mampu membedakan antara persepsi nyata dengan tidak nyata, menyebabkan individu akan kehilangan kontrol akan dirinya. Keluarga memiliki pengaruh dalam kesembuhan atau kekambuhan pasien apabila keluarga belum memiliki pengetahuan yang baik mengenai perawatan halusinasi dan dukungannya pada pasien saat mengontrol halusinasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan hubungan pengetahuan keluarga tentang perawatan halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi. Metode yang digunakan yaitu menyeleksi artikel dari berbagai sumber dengan menggunakan Teknik PICO lalu di sesuaikan dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi yang telah di tentukan yaitu artikel terpublikasi maksimal five tahun (2016 – 2021), artikel full teks, menggunakan Bahasa Republic of indonesia dan Bahasa inggris, tema artikel pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan mengontrol halusinasi. Berdasarkan analisis artikel disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi di pengeruhi oleh pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat anggota keluarganya yang mengalami halusinasi dan adanya pemberian dukungan keluarga yang baik untuk pasien. Saran : keluarga secara mandiri merawat pasien dengan halusinasi, di rekomendasikan masuk dalam intervensi asuhan keperawatan.

... The articles were nerveless, classified, and reviewed to identify important information that tin be further used past diverse stakeholders of the domain of interest. In this context, a brief reading of the literature needs to be carried out, giving more attention to abstracts of articles as they provide summaries from which readers can decide its relevance to the domain under investigation [17]. For example, DiMatteo adult a quantitative review of 50 years of medical research on patient adherence to handling. ...

Over the past few years, numerous studies and enquiry articles have been published in the medical literature review domain. The topics covered by these researches included medical information retrieval, affliction statistics, drug analysis, and many other fields and application domains. In this paper, we employ various text mining and data assay techniques in an endeavor to discover trending topics and topic cyclopedia in the healthcare literature and data mining field. This analysis focuses on healthcare literature and bibliometric data and word association rules applied to 1945 research manufactures that had been published betwixt the years 2006 and 2019. Our aim in this context is to assist saving time and effort required for manually summarizing large-scale amounts of information in such a broad and multidisciplinary domain. To carry out this chore, we use topic modeling techniques through the utilization of Latent Dirichlet Resource allotment (LDA), in addition to diverse document and word embedding and clustering approaches. Findings reveal that since 2010 the interest in the healthcare big data analysis has increased significantly, as demonstrated by the five most usually used topics in this domain.

  • Made Ayu Anggreni
  • Syarif Sumantri
  • Nurbiana dhieni Djalil Nurbiana dhieni Djalil
  • Karnadi Karnadi

Faktor globalisasi menjadi salah satu faktor yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap kondisi internal Indonesia. Sekarang banyak budaya atau kebiasaan dan kepercayaan dari luar yang masuk ke Indonesia tanpa melalui penyaringan padahal seharusnya masyarakat dapat memilih mana yang baik dan mana yang buruk. Pendidikan yang berkualitas dapat menjadi benteng bagi anak-anak dari hal-hal negatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kompetensi guru dalam praktik penerapan budaya pada Lembaga PAUD di Republic of indonesia. Metode penelitian dengan literature review dan menggunakan PRISMA Checklis dilakukan pada bulan Maret – Mei 2021 dan jurnal twenty tahun terakhir, sumber data sekunder artikel jurnal bereputasi baik nasional maupun internasional pada lima database dengan kriteria kualitas tinggi dan sedang, yaitu Scopus, Tandfonline, Research Gate, SagePub dan Schoolar dengan tema kompetensi guru dan tenaga pendidik terlibat menjadi pembelajar dari berbagai komunitas budaya di mana siswa mereka berasal, berkembang sebagai pendidik yang kompeten secara budaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru anak usia dini harus berkomitmen untuk mengembangkan pendidikan usia dini yang dapat terlibat dalam pedagogi yang adil dalam praktik pengajaran multikultural. Kualitas suatu pendidikan ditentukan dari berhasil tidaknya guru dalam menyampaikan materi.

  • Budi Darmo Budi Darmo

Ketergantungan untuk mendapatkan efek atau status dalam masyarakat, membuat seseorang menjadi fetish terhadap produk yang dikonsumsinya. Dalam fetisisme komoditas, iklan sangat berperan dalam menentukan nilai dan makna sebuah produk. Makna palsu yang ditanamkan ke dalam produk membuat seakan-akan kenikmatan nyata-lah yag dikonsumsi dari produk yang digunakan. Dalam Iklan AXE Parfum Saku versi Dijemput Si Cantik terdapat banyak jenis fetisisme komoditas dimana maknamakna saling tumpang tindih menyuarakan kebenarannya. Namun, makna tersebut menjadi penting untuk seseorang atau malah merusak kesadarannya, sehingga melazimkan pemujaan pada komoditi. Pada akhirnya masyarakat harus lebih kritis dalam melihat dan memilih produk yang dikonsumsinya. Kata kunci: fetisisme komoditas, iklan, makna

  • Edy Chandra Edy Chandra

Tren terhadap pemeliharaan terhadap tanaman dalam/luar rumah, yaitu jenis sukulen dan kaktus mulai menjadi sebuah aktivitas baru semasa pandemic covid-19, yang mewajibkan setiap masyarakat global ataupun regional untuk lebih banyak beraktivitas di rumah. Upaya aktivitas ini telah menjadi peluang para wirausahawan ( entrepreneur) pemula untuk memulai jenis usaha dibidang ini, termasuk salah-satunya adalah produk media tanam (pasir malang, sekam, pumice, dll). Pengembangan pada seorang wirausaha muda yang menjual produk media tanam adalah pengembangan pada penciptaan identitas visual pada make produk media tanam dan juuga aplikasi pada media stiker untuk mendukung identitas kemasan di mata konsumen. Proses pengembangan identias melibatkan proyek perancangan visual make produk secara sederhana yang disampaikan oleh desainer kepada kliennya. Prosesnya melibatkan brainstorming seputar ide-ide visual media tanam dengan sukulen dan kaktus.

  • George Kaliampos George Kaliampos

The terminal three decades two distinct trends have emerged within Early Childhood Instruction, namely Early Babyhood Scientific discipline Education and Early Babyhood Special Education. The electric current newspaper tries to motility along these areas and illuminate the mutual ground that lie between them. In particular, drawing from the formulated empiricist, Piagetian and socio-cognitive trends within Early Childhood Science Education, information technology tries to explore to what extend they could aggrandize in special needs context. In addition, it proposes diverse, specific strategies that emerge from the above-mentioned trends and could be implemented in teaching science within special needs settings. By and then doing, the present newspaper aspires to set up the frame of a newly born and well-promising trend, that of Early Babyhood Special Science Education.

  • Zayyan Velda Transport
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual footing is a milestone in the reform of government financial reporting. State financial management policies in the new regime era also provided new insights for the development of government accounting enquiry. This written report aims to provide an overview of the evolution of authorities accounting enquiry in two reputable national journals indexed by SINTA 2 during the 2015-2019 period. Article observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a written report of 43 articles testify that accountability and spending are the about popular topics to be discussed. Mixed research methods are yet very express to use in these government bookkeeping studies. This study contributes to the direction of regime accounting research in the future past providing signals of several interesting research areas to be explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan basis akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA 2 selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa expanse penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

  • Zayyan Velda Send
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual basis is a milestone in the reform of government fiscal reporting. Country financial management policies in the new government era likewise provided new insights for the development of government accounting research. This study aims to provide an overview of the evolution of government accounting research in two reputable national journals indexed by SINTA 2 during the 2015-2019 period. Article observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a study of 43 articles show that accountability and spending are the virtually popular topics to be discussed. Mixed research methods are however very limited to employ in these government bookkeeping studies. This study contributes to the management of authorities accounting research in the future by providing signals of several interesting enquiry areas to exist explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan footing akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA ii selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa area penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

Eco-innovations, eco-efficiency and corporate social responsibility practices define much of the electric current industrial sustainability agenda. While important, they are insufficient in themselves to evangelize the holistic changes necessary to attain long-term social and environmental sustainability. How can we encourage corporate innovation that significantly changes the fashion companies operate to ensure greater sustainability? Sustainable business models (SBM) incorporate a triple lesser line approach and consider a wide range of stakeholder interests, including environs and club. They are important in driving and implementing corporate innovation for sustainability, can help embed sustainability into business purpose and processes, and serve as a central driver of competitive advantage. Many innovative approaches may contribute to delivering sustainability through business organization models, but have not been collated nether a unifying theme of business concern model innovation. The literature and business do review has identified a wide range of examples of mechanisms and solutions that tin can contribute to business model innovation for sustainability. The examples were collated and analysed to identify defining patterns and attributes that might facilitate categorisation. Sustainable business organisation model archetypes are introduced to describe groupings of mechanisms and solutions that may contribute to edifice up the business organisation model for sustainability. The aim of these archetypes is to develop a common language that can exist used to accelerate the development of sustainable business concern models in research and do. The archetypes are: Maximise material and free energy efficiency; Create value from 'waste material'; Substitute with renewables and natural processes; Evangelize functionality rather than ownership; Prefer a stewardship role; Encourage sufficiency; Re-purpose the concern for order/environment; and Develop scale-up solutions.

  • Chitu Okoli Chitu Okoli
  • Kira Schabram

This working paper has been thoroughly revised and superseded by two distinct manufactures. The first is a revised and peer-reviewed version of the original article: Okoli, Chitu (2015), A Guide to Conducting a Standalone Systematic Literature Review. Communications of the Association for Information Systems (37:43), November 2015, pp. 879-910. This article presents a methodology for conducting a systematic literature review with many examples from IS research and references to guides with further helpful details. The article is available from Google Scholar or from the author's website. The second extension article focuses on developing theory with literature reviews: Okoli, Chitu (2015), The View from Giants' Shoulders: Developing Theory with Theory-Mining Systematic Literature Reviews. SSRN Working Paper Serial, December eight, 2015. This commodity identifies theory-mining reviews, which are literature reviews that extract and synthesize theoretical concepts from the source primary studies. The article demonstrates by commendation analysis that, in information systems research, this kind of literature review is more highly cited than other kinds of literature review. The commodity provides detailed guidelines to writing a high-quality theory-mining review.

Background: The accurate prediction of where faults are likely to occur in code can help directly examination effort, reduce costs and meliorate the quality of software. Objective: We investigate how the context of models, the independent variables used and the modelling techniques practical, influence the performance of fault prediction models. Method:We used a systematic literature review to identify 208 fault prediction studies published from Jan 2000 to December 2010. Nosotros synthesise the quantitative and qualitative results of 36 studies which report sufficient contextual and methodological information according to the criteria we develop and apply. Results: The models that perform well tend to exist based on simple modelling techniques such equally Na??ve Bayes or Logistic Regression. Combinations of independent variables have been used by models that perform well. Feature choice has been applied to these combinations when models are performing particularly well. Conclusion: The methodology used to build models seems to be influential to predictive performance. Although in that location are a set of fault prediction studies in which confidence is possible, more studies are needed that utilise a reliable methodology and which study their context, methodology and operation comprehensively.

  • Ros Carnwell
  • William Daly William Daly

This paper describes the process by which a literature review is conducted. It begins past identifying the purpose of a literature review, and and then explores how key words tin be used to define the scope of the review, how the review can be organized into t hemes and how conclusions can be drawn from the literature to inform further studies. Examples from nursing and wellness care are provided to illustrate the processes described.

  • Joyce Colling

The literature review is a critical step in designing and conducting a credible study. It might seem tedious at first, just your own ideas volition become amend developed and thoughtful every bit you critique what other researchers accept washed. It will make your study stronger. Thus, don't skim over this part of the process. A good literature review will make the side by side steps easier. It will also clinch that you are studying an important area, that the upshot has clinical importance to your patients, and that writing and reporting the results will be easier.